Rootless

Starting with kind 0.11.0, Rootless Docker, Rootless Podman and Rootless nerdctl can be used as the node provider of kind.

Provider requirements 🔗︎

• Docker: 20.10 or later
• Podman: 3.0 or later
• nerdctl: 1.7 or later

Host requirements 🔗︎

The host needs to be running with cgroup v2. Make sure that the result of the docker info command contains Cgroup Version: 2. If it prints Cgroup Version: 1, try adding GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1" to /etc/default/grub and running sudo update-grub to enable cgroup v2.

Also, depending on the host configuration, the following steps might be needed:

• Create /etc/systemd/system/user@.service.d/delegate.conf with the following content, and then run sudo systemctl daemon-reload:

  [Service]
  Delegate=yes
  

  (This is not enabled by default because “the runtime impact of [delegating the “cpu” controller] is still too high”. Beware that changing this configuration may affect system performance.)

  Please note that:

  • /etc/systemd/system/user@.service.d/ directory needs to be created if not already present on your host
  • If using Docker and it was already running when this step was done, a restart is needed for the changes to take effect systemctl --user restart docker

    systemctl --user restart docker

• Create /etc/modules-load.d/iptables.conf with the following content:

  ip6_tables
  ip6table_nat
  ip_tables
  iptable_nat
  

Restrictions 🔗︎

The restrictions of Rootless Docker apply to kind clusters as well.

e.g.

• OverlayFS cannot be used unless the host is using kernel >= 5.11, or Ubuntu/Debian kernel
• Cannot mount block storage
• Cannot mount NFS

Creating a kind cluster with Rootless Docker 🔗︎

To create a kind cluster with Rootless Docker, just run:

$ export DOCKER_HOST=unix://${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/docker.sock
$ kind create cluster

Creating a kind cluster with Rootless Podman 🔗︎

To create a kind cluster with Rootless Podman, just run:

$ KIND_EXPERIMENTAL_PROVIDER=podman kind create cluster

On some distributions, you might need to use systemd-run to start kind into its own cgroup scope:

$ systemd-run --scope --user kind create cluster

Creating a kind cluster with Rootless nerdctl 🔗︎

Note: containerd v1.7+ is required

To create a kind cluster with nerdctl, just run:

$ KIND_EXPERIMENTAL_PROVIDER=nerdctl kind create cluster

Tips 🔗︎

• To enable OOM watching, allow dmesg by running sysctl -w kernel.dmesg_restrict=0.